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India's chronic underspending on Research and Development, hovering around 0.7 percent of GDP, is driven by systemic and cultural factors rather than just funding shortages. Structural bottlenecks include weak industry-academia linkages, low private sector participation, and a cultural aversion to high-risk innovation. Addressing these foundational issues requires mission-driven research, expanded venture capital support, and holistic policy reforms to elevate India's position in the global knowledge economy.
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